Bertie Carvel will return to play Simon, while Tom Taylor will appear as Tom in the BBC drama.
The first series of Doctor Foster saw Gemma, a doctor in the fictional town of Parminster, discover her husband Simon was having an affair.
It aired in 2015, and was followed by a second series in 2017, with nearly 10 million people watching the finale.
Both series won National Television Awards and Jones won a best actress at the Bafta TV Awards in 2016.
Filming on the third series is due to begin in Hertfordshire later this spring, the BBC said, with Mike Bartlett returning as writer, creator and executive producer.
Bartlett said: “I always hoped that we’d get to tell the final part of Gemma’s story, which is about a woman seeking justice in an unfair world.”
He said there would be “secrets, betrayals, vengeance and perhaps one last dinner party”, referring to a famous scene from series two.
A broadcast date for the final series will be announced in due course.